Cellular standards refer to the various generations of mobile communication technologies that enable wireless connectivity for mobile devices. Each generation represents a significant advancement in terms of data speed, network capacity, and functionality. Here is an overview of the major cellular standards:

1. 1G (First Generation):

   • Introduced in the early 1980s, 1G was the first generation of cellular networks.

   • Analog-based systems, primarily using Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) technology.

   • Provided basic voice communication and had limited data capabilities.

2. 2G (Second Generation):

   • Introduced in the early 1990s, 2G marked the shift to digital communication.

   • Standards included GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

   • Enabled digital voice transmission and introduced SMS (Short Message Service).

3. 3G (Third Generation):

   • Rolled out in the early 2000s, 3G brought faster data speeds and improved multimedia capabilities.

   • Standards included UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.

   • Enabled mobile internet access, video calling, and enhanced data services.

4. 4G LTE (Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution):

   • Deployed in the late 2000s, 4G LTE represented a significant leap in data speed and network efficiency.

   • Based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies.

   • Provided high-speed internet access, low latency, and support for bandwidth-intensive applications like video streaming.

5. 5G (Fifth Generation):

   • Currently being deployed, 5G is the latest generation of cellular networks.

   • Utilizes advanced technologies such as millimeter-wave frequencies, massive MIMO, and network slicing.

   • Offers significantly faster data speeds, lower latency, and supports a massive number of connected devices.

   • Enables new applications like augmented reality, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

These cellular standards represent the evolution of mobile communication, with each generation building upon the capabilities of its predecessor. The transition to higher generations brings improvements in data speed, capacity, and the ability to support a wide range of applications and services.

Cellular standards refer to the various generations of mobile communication technologies that enable wireless connectivity for mobile devices. Each generation represents a significant advancement in terms of data speed, network capacity, and functionality. Here is an overview of the major cellular standards:​